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Thursday 7 August 2014

CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSE

18:55 - 57 comments

Nerve Impulse:


A nerve impulse is a wave of electrochemical changes, which travels along the length of the neuron involving chemical reactions and movement of ions across the cell-membrane.




Electric potential is a measure of the capacity to do electrical work. It represents a type of stored energy which is manifested during separation of charges across a barrier. In the case of neuron, the charges are positive and negative ions, and the charge separating barrier is the plasma membrane. The electrical potential that exists across a cell membrane is known as the membrane potential. A typical neuron at rest is more positive electrically outside than inside the cell membrane. This net difference in charge between the inner and the outer surface of a non-conducting neuron is called the resting membrane potential. The major factors which are involved in resting membrane potential are:

Sodium and potassium ions:

Of the many kinds of ions present in the nerve cells and the surrounding fluid, sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions are the most important. Sodium ions are tenfold higher in concentration outside than inside the membrane surface, whereas potassium ions are twenty times more concentrated inside than outside. All the neurons have very active sodium and potassium pumps located in their cell membranes. Driven by the splitting of ATP, these pumps transport Na+ out and K+ into the cell, both against their respective concentration gradients. For every two K+ ions that are actively transported, inward, three Na+ ions are pumped out. So inside becomes more negative than outside of the cell membrane of neurons. 

Negative organic ions:

The large negative organic ions such as proteins, organic acids, etc. are much more inside the membrane than outside, where they are only in negligible concentration. This makes the inside of neuron membrane more negative.

Leakage of K+ ions from neurons:

The cell membrane is virtually impermeable to all ions except K+ ions. Since the membrane is slightly permeable to K+, some of it leaks out of the cell. The loss of this positive ion from the neuron by diffusion accounts for more negative charges inside than outside the cell membrane of neuron.

No conduction of nerve impulse:

There is no conduction of nerve impulse.

The membrane potential of -0.07 volts exists.

(a) In the unstimulated state, a neuron has a membrane potential of approximately -70mV. The active concentrations of the principal ions inside and outside the neuron are indicated by the sizes of the chemical symbols (Na+ = sodium ion, K+ = potassium ion). (b) Two of the major causes that contribute to the negative resting potential are the active exchange of Na+ for K+ ions, and the outward diffusion of K+. The sodium - potassium pump actively transports Na+ out and K+ into the cell, and is powered by the splitting of ATP by an associated enzyme, ATPase.

Initiation of nerve impulse:

Under normal conditions a nerve impulse is initiated by appropriate stimuli (called threshold stimulus) applied at one end of the neuron and it results in a remarkable localized change in the resting membrane potential. It disappears or a brief instant and is replaced by a new potential called action or active membrane potential which is in the form of impulse. During this state, the inner membrane surface becomes more positive than the outside. This change is so brief (for perhaps a millisecond) that only a portion of the neuron is in the active membrane potential state.
The major factors involved in changing the resting membrane potential to active membrane potential are:

Na+ and K+ ion movement:


The passage of nerve impulses is associated with an increase in permeability of Na+ ions moving inwards upsetting the potential momentarily, making inside more positive than outside. Neurophysiologists believe that the increased permeability is due to the opening of specific pores in the membrane, termed “sodium gates”. When these gates open, sodium ions rush into the neuron by diffusion. Some K+ ions move out.

(a) When a neuron is stimulated, the cell membrane at the point of stimulation undergoes momentary reversal in charge (dark color) called an action potential. Perhaps for a millisecond the inside of the membrane becomes positive relative to the outside. (b) Sequence of membrane potential changes associated with an action potential: (1) resting potential (polarized state); (sodium gates open and Na+ diffuses into the cell, causing a depolarization of the membrane; (sodium gates close and potassium gates open; (4) K+ diffuses out, causing a re-polarization of membrane; (5) sodium - potassium pump restores original ion gradients and resting potential (recovery). Steps (2) - (5) take a mere 2 - 3 milliseconds.


Charges are reversed:

The inner side of the cell membrane has an excess of positive ions on its internal, surface, and the outer surface becomes more negative.

Passage of nerve impulse:

During the active membrane potential, neuron conducts the impulse in the form of nerve impulse.

Membrane potential:

Active membrane of +0.05 volts exists.

These charges occur along the length of neuron till the impulse reaches synapse. Soon after the passage of the impulse, the resting membrane potential is restored by the movement of a small number of ions especially K+ moving out. This neuron is ready to conduct another impulse.

It may be added that in myelinated neurons the impulse jumps from node to node (node of Ranvier). This is called Saltatory impulse.

Speed of nerve impulse:

The normal speed of nerve impulses in humans is 100 meters per second, but maximum speed recorded is 120 ms-1.


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57 comments:

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  2. What is "myelinated neuron"?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. neurons covered with fatty layer are called myelinated neurons.

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    2. Myelinated nueron is a type of neuron which is covered by mylin sheath around the axon but they are discontinuous by the node of ranvier.

      But actually if a cell is covered by mylin sheath it is called medulated nerve.

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  3. You are post a very nice blog. I got my infirmation through your blog. please keep it up.I like it.Visit: Impulse

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  4. Myelinated neurones
    In a myelinated neurone the Action Potential travels faster as the AP jumps between the gaps. (From node to node)

    Non-myelinated
    In a non-myelinated neurone the AP moves along in a wave
    Non-myelinated neurones are slower in terms of conducting impulses and are found in the peripheral nervous system (unconscious movements)

    (AP= Action Potential)

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    Call or Whats-app him: +2347012841542

    ReplyDelete
  24. Good news this is to everyone out there with different health challenges, as I know there are still a lot of people suffering from different health issues and are therefore looking for solutions. I bring you Good news. There is a man called Dr Emmanuel  a herbal practitioner who helped cure me from HSV (2), i had suffered from this diseases for the past 5 years and i have spent so much money trying to survive from it. I got my healing by taking the herbal medicine Dr Emmanuel sent to me to drink for about 14 days . 3 days after completion of the dosage, I went for a medical checkup and I was tested free from HSV. all thanks to God for leading me to Dr Emmanuel who was able to cure me completely from this deadly diseases, I’m sharing this so that other people can know of this great healer called Dr Emmanuel because I got to know him through elizabeth who he cured from HIV. I was made to understand that he can cure several other deadly diseases and infections. Don’t die in ignorance or silent and don’t let that illness take your life. Contact Dr Emmanuel through his email traditionalherbalhealingcentre@gmail.com You can also whatsapp/call him on:+2348140033827 .He cure all forms of disease {1}HIV/AIDS {2}DIABETES {3}EPILEPSY {4} BLOOD CANCER {5} HPV {6} BRAIN TUMOR {7} HEPATITIS {8}COPD{9} SICKLE AND ANAEMIA.etc Be kind enough to share as you received.       

    ReplyDelete
  25. Am Laura Mildred by name, i was diagnosed with Herpes 4 years ago i lived in pain with the knowledge that i wasn't going to ever be well again i contacted so many herbal doctors on this issue and wasted a large sum of money but my condition never got better i was determined to get my life back so one day i saw Mr. Morrison Hansen post on how Dr. Emu saved him from Herpes with herbal medicine i contacted Dr. Emu on his Email: Emutemple@gmail.com we spoke on the issue i told him all that i went through and he told me not to worry that everything will be fine again so he prepared the medicine and send it to me and told me how to use it, after 14 days of usage I went to see the doctor for test,then the result was negative, am the happiest woman on earth now thanks to Dr. Emu God bless you. Email him at: Emutemple@gmail.com Call or Whats-app him: +2347012841542

    ReplyDelete

  26. I am so Happy to be writing this article in here, i am here to explore blogs forum about the wonderful and most safe cure for HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS.I was positive to the Virus called HERPES and i lost hope completely because i was rejected even by my closet friends. i searched online to know and inquire about cure for HERPES and i saw testimony about DR Ebhota online on how he cured so many persons from Herpes Disease so i decided to contact the great herbalist because i know that nature has the power to heal everything. i contacted him to know how he can help me and he told me never to worry that he will help me with the natural herbs from God! after 2 days of contacting him, he told me that the cure has been ready and he sent it to me via FEDEX or DHL and it got to me after 4 days! i used the medicine as he instructed me (MORNING and EVENING) and i was cured! its really like a dream but i'm so happy! that's the reason i decided to also add more comment of Him so that more people can be saved just like me! and if you need his help,contact his Email: (drebhotasoltion@gmail.com) You can contact him on WhatsApp +2348089535482 He also have the herb to cure difference cure for any sickness (1) HERPES,
    (2) DIABETES,
    (3) HIV&AIDS,
    (4) URINARY TRACT INFECTION,
    (5) HEPATITIS B,
    (6) IMPOTENCE,
    (7) BARENESS/INFERTILITY
    (8) DIARRHEA
    (9) ASTHMA..

    ReplyDelete
  27. MY name is luthor mariam, from, (USA) After 12 years of marriage, me and my husband has been into one quarrel or the other until he finally left me and moved to California to be with another woman. I felt my life was over and my kids thought they would never see their father again. i tried to be strong just for the kids but i could not control the pains that torments my heart, my heart was filled with sorrows and pains because i was really in love with my husband. Every day and night i think of him and always wish he would come back to me, I was really upset and i needed help, so i searched for help online and I came across a website that suggested that Dr Osasu can help get ex back fast. So, I felt I should give him a try. I contacted him and he told me what to do and i did it then he did a Love spell for me. 28 hours later, my husband really called me and told me that he miss me and the kids so much, So Amazing!! So that was how he came back that same day,with lots of love and joy,and he apologized for his mistake,and for the pain he caused me and the kids. Then from that day,our Marriage was now stronger than how it were before, All thanks to Dr Osasu . he is so powerful and i decided to share my story on the internet that Dr. Osasu real and powerful spell caster who i will always pray to live long to help his children in the time of trouble, if you are here and you need your Ex back or your husband moved to another woman, do not cry anymore, contact this powerful spell caster now. Here’s his contact Call/WhatsApp: +2347064365391 Email: drosasu25@gmail.com (mail to: drosasu25@gmail.com)

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  30. A GREAT THANKS TO DR.WEALTHY FOR CURING ME FROM GENITAL HERPES I AM SO HAPPY TO GIVE THIS TESTIMONY ARE YOU SUFFERING FROM THIS SICKNESS HERE IS DR WHO CAN HELP
    I can’t believe my genital herpes is really cured, oh is by this time last year I start feeling bad about my life, I feel pain everyday of my life am very happy now that am really cured I couldn’t have do this on my own I wish is not God that help me with my helper I was searching the internet about this sickness last 3month when I found about great doctor wealthy, the man that keep his words I write the man email about my problem immediately I get a reply from him asking me to fill a form which I immediately did and send back to him after some mins he reply me that he have work on my cure that I need to provide some materials, which can enable him to work on my cure which I did on the next day of it, after some hours he inform me that he have getting the things needed for the cure and he is about to go on with the curing spell he called me again after 50mins that he is done with the cure that I should check my body and also go for test I cant believe I was negative a big thanks to him am very happy now with my family you can also get your self cured too from this sickness by contacting him through his email: wealthylovespell@gmail.com or whatapp +2348105150446 follow his instagram @wealthylovespell1 He also have a herbal cure for 7 other DISEASES;
    1.HIV
    2.SHINGLES
    3.VIRAL HEPATITIS
    4.INFLUENZA
    5.IMPOTENCE,
    6.BARENESS/INFERTILITY,
    7.ANTHRAX
    8 HPV
    Contact him today and you will have a testimony…Good luck!

    ReplyDelete
  31. Hi viewers, I'm posting this Because i found lots of people having marriage and relationship and divorce problems, which I also experienced. I recently found help from a man called Dr. Oselumen he did a great job that made my husband fell back in love with me after ten months of separation. I want y' all to know there are fake online spell Dr.s if someone out there needs help, can easily contact droselumen@gmail.com or reach him on whatsapp +2348054265852 he will give you the best result.

    ReplyDelete
  32. HOW I GOT CURED FROM HERPES VIRUS I was diagnosed of HERPES virus and i have tried all I can to get cured but all to no avail,,until I saw a post in a health forum about a herbalist man who prepare herbal medications to cure all kind of diseases including HERPES virus,at first I doubted if it was real but decided to give it a try,when I contacted this herbalist via his email and he prepared a HERPES herbal cure and sent it to me via UPS delivery company service, when I received this herbal medicine, he gave me step by direction on how to apply it,after applying theUPS delivery company service, when I received this herbal medicine, he gave me step by direction on how to apply it,after applying the. way I was instructed,I was totally cured of this deadly disease called HERPES, all thanks to Dr oboh.Email obohesan@gmail.com this great herbal doctor via WhatsApp+2348089281017 HE CAN ALSO CURE SICKNESS LIKE{1}HIV/AIDS
    {2}DIABETES
    {3}EPILEPSY
    {4} BLOOD CANCER
    {5} HPV
    {6} ALS
    {7} HEPATITIS
    {8}LOVE SPELL
    {9} SICKLE AND ANAEMIA..
    or via whatsapp +2348089281017

    ReplyDelete
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  35. Dr. Ehimare has really made me so much believe in him by getting me cured of Herpes with his herbal medicine. I have been a Herpes virus patient for some time now, I have been running here and there looking for help/cure but none could help. I ran into a testimony by someone who testified how she was cured of a terrible disease by Dr. Ehimare, so I decided to contact the herbal doctor. I explained to him, and he said he can cure me. We started the process and he prepared herbs and sent them to me in my country and gave me directions on how I am to use them. I followed his directions and now To God be the glory he could cure me with his herbal mixture. I really appreciate you Dr. Ehimare for bringing back happiness to my life again. thanks you so much friends that has join me to thank Dr. Ehimare for what he has actually done for me i pray to you all for a good life and property, his contact. Email address drehimare3@gmail.com , via whats-app +1 (267) 691-1087 Thanks Dr. Ehimare for your help in my life and family... and most especially to you Dr. THANKS. 

    ReplyDelete
  36. How can I explain this to the world that there is a man who can cure HERPES, I was diagnosed for the past 5 mouth I have being into HERPES since 5 mouth, so I decide to look for help in the internet then I found a post write about this great man called DR. Ehimare , people say good thing about him that this man have cured, a lot of people in the internet, him has power's to cure HSV1 AND HSV2 I don’t believe that there is a cure for Herpes Simplex Virus because though there is no cure for herpes that what I have in mind HERPES had no cure well , my HERPES is negative through the using of herbal cured of DR. Ehimare , I contacted this man for help because of what i see in the internet. if you need his cured just add him now on Hangouts Drehimare3@gmail.com , thank you DR.Ehimare i will never stop  shearing you testimony DR. Ehimare him Can as well CURE THE FOLLOWING DISEASE:-1, HIV/AIDS, 2, Diseases of the hear 3, Malignant tumors 4. Cardiovascular diseases 5. Diabetes mellifluous 6.Influenza and pneumonia 7.Alzheimer's disease 8. hsv1 - hsv2. If you need LOVE SPELL. E.T.C contact him Drehimare3@gmail.com or you whatsapp him on + 1 (267) 691-1087

    ReplyDelete
  37. I was depressed when doctor told me that I have been diagnosed with Herpes disease… I thought about my Family, I know my Family will face a serious problem when I'm gone, I lost hope and I wept all day, but one day I was searching the internet I found Dr.obudu contact number. +2349023428871 I called him and he guided me. I asked him for solutions and he started the remedies for my health. Thank God, now everything is fine, I'm cured by Dr.ezomo herbal medicine, I'm very thankful to Dr.obudu and very happy with my hubby and family. email him on drobuduherbalhome@gmail.com or you can also reach him through WhatsApp number+2349023428871 also visit hes websitehttps://drobuduherbalhome.wixsite.com/welcometoobuduherbal or visit his facebook page https://www.facebook.com/DR-OBUDU-101779795066025/
    He can also cure so many sickness
    {1}HIV And AIDS
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    ReplyDelete
  38. Herpes is a serious and recurring disease which can't be cured through drugs or injections by the American doctors but the best way to deal with Herpes is by taking natural herbs medicine for it, I have read about DR EDAGHONGHON the great herbalist doctor who cure me from herpes with his powerful herbal medicine. I contacted him to know how he can help me and he told me never to worry that he will help me with the natural herbs from God! After 2 days of contacting him, he told me that the cure has been ready and he sent it to me via UPS SPEED POST and it got to me after 3 days! I used the medicine as he instructed me (MORNING and EVENING) and I was cured! it's really like a dream but i am so happy! for the people suffering from the following diseases, Cancer, hypothyroidism, Herpes, COPD, HIV, Arthritis, Hpv, Infections,Liver Disease,, Autoimmune Diseases, Parkinson's disease,,Lupus and more should contact him for his herbal medicine because i am a living testimony and i was cured of herpes and his medicine is legit. I sent him what he requested and he sent me his medicine which I took for 3 good weeks and today am out here with a negative result. When I went for the test I was so happy after going through his medication. you can reach him through his email: dr.edaghonghonherbalhome@gmail.com or call whatsapp number:+2349056731866 he will help you out.

    ReplyDelete
  39. I panicked when I saw the first sore. The medicines couldn't heal the sores completely, my whole life I was entirely desperate. Till I found the natural permanent cure for herpes through Nze Njoku Herbal Home, I felt like I was born-again. You can get rid of herpes from now on, too
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    ReplyDelete
  40. Natural herbs have treated so many illnesses that drugs and injections can't treat. I've seen the great importance of natural herbs and the wonderful work they have done in people's lives. I read people's testimonies online on how they were treated of HSV, HPV, Herpes, Liver diseases, Anxiety, Fever ,diarrhea, aches and pains, sore throat , etc , by natural medicine, so I decided to contact the Naturopath Dr because I know nature has the power to heal anything. Believe it or not. but I am a living testimony. There is no harm trying natural herbs. Contact Dr on, text/call via: +1 (719) 629 0982 ,For herbs and medications. Or you can also contact through his Facebook page @ Dr Chike Herbal Remedy.

    ReplyDelete
  41. How can i keep shut after beating herpes that has been marked incurable by the medical doctors ! herbal Dr Ogudugu on YouTube helped me cure the herpes simplex permanently with his roots and herbs supplement remedy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtbZBD5BRBM&t=2s

    Website: https://greatogudugu.wixsite.com/website

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  44. I was diagnosed with HERPES virus and I have tried all I can to get cured but all to no avail, until I saw a post in a health forum about a herbalist named Dr. Enato who prepares herbal medications to cure all kind of diseases including HERPES virus. At first I doubted if it was real but decided to give it a try. when I contacted this herbalist via his email and he prepared a HERPES herbal cure and sent it to me via UPS delivery service. When I received this herbal medicine, he gave me steps and directions on how to apply it, after applying the way I was instructed, I was totally cured of this deadly disease called HERPES. All thanks to Dr. Enato for helping me get rid of this virus. Contact the herbal doctor via whatsapp +2348071351544 OR email:(dr.enatoherbalcure@gmail.com)or via his website  https://drenatoherbalcure.simdif.com/ He can also cure the following disease as well(1)Alzheimer (2)Cancer(3)HIV(4)Herpes(5)Genital warts(6)ALS(7)Virginal infection(8)HPV(9)Hepatitis(10)Asthma

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  47. Ask him any Questions about herpes

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  48. When life gives you reasons to be sad say No and Make the world know that you have more than a thousand reasons to smile. I almost ga be ve up on my quest of finding a permanent cure to this nasty virus called HIV. I never thought i would be HIV negative again after been diagnosed in 2018, i have tried everything possible in life from one doctor to another, one hospital to another, series of tests, different kinds of medication, i had already lost hope until i melt Mara Clifton who kindly told me about DR ODIGIE who do cure difference virus by the preparation of herbs and roots. I searched about the DR online which leads me to different testimonies about the great herbal DR. I decided to make up my mind to give him a try, I contacted his email that was given in the post and I followed him with all seriousness and I did all he instructed me and he sent me a herbal medicine which i took for 14 days. After the 14th days dr ODIGIE told me to go for another test to confirm my new hiv status. To my greatest surprise, the disease that seem incurable disappear within 14 days of using his herbal remedy. I am writing this here in order to put you in the know that there is a cure for this virus. It is time to stop believing in the medical doctors who do say to us there is no cure for Cancer, Herpes, Hiv and many more viruses. I just want you to know that if you are going through any health challenge, contact this man and follow his instruction diligently and have a disease free life. his email is (drodigiehealthcure@gmail.com) safe your life today because healthy health is wealth and a good health worth more than wealth famous, so please get back your health by getting in touch with DR ODIGIE kindly get him contacted by emailing him or call/Whats App on (+2347049458624

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