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Monday 27 April 2015

BRIEF ACCOUNT ON EXCRETION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

12:41 - 29 comments

EXCRETION:

The removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body is called excretion or the elimination of wasteful metabolites, mainly of the nitrogenous nature is called as excretion.

Excretory Products in Plants:

In plants, the mechanism of excretion is different from animals. Plants in their autotrophic mode of life produce oxygen and in metabolism produce CO2 and H2O as the excretory products. Plants also produce several organic and inorganic compounds which are stored for various purposes and are also removed when necessary.

Excretion in Plants:

In plants, oxygen could be a waste product of as a result of photosynthesis; carbon dioxide a waste product of respiration and water as the waste product of both.

Mechanisms of Excretion in Plants:

Following are the mechanisms adopted by plants for excretion:

Transpiration:

Water is lost through transpiration or just used for maintaining the turgidity in the cells.

Vacuoles:

Plant cells have large vacuoles; these can be used for either storage of useful compounds, or the storage of waste substances. These may accumulate at the concentrations that lead to crystal formation in the vacuoles.

Leaves:

Rotten Leaf
Plants produce certain wastes of inorganic and organic nature, which are stored in the organs. The leaves are the prominent organs for this purpose. These leaves are destined to fall off, as is the case of autumn leaves in the plants or die off as happens in the leaves and stalk of certain bulb e.g. bluebell leaving the bulb underground. This is the reason gardener find rotten autumn leaves a good source of minerals. The falling of yellow leaves in autumn is the seasonal time for the plants to get rid of the accumulated wastes and because of this reason leaves are said to be excretophore.
According to an explanation the change in the color in these leaves is not due to removal of chlorophyll as the microscopic examination of autumn leaves shows that leaves are loaded with pigmented compounds prior to falling off and many toxic materials like heavy metals increase sharply as the yellowing proceeds.

Branches and Trunks:

Some trees deposit strange chemicals in their branches and trunks, especially in old xylem which is no longer used for water transport. This takes place in Ebony (common name of a flowering plant) which produces very black wood in the centre. These are considered to be waste materials by plant physiologists.

Release of Wastes into Soil:

Some plants will actively secrete waste compounds into the soil, occasionally using them as chemical weapons against other competing plants e.g. conifers.

Excretion in Animals:

Among the assimilated nutrients in animals, carbohydrates and lipids are metabolized to CO2 and H2O. Metabolism of proteins and nucleoproteins produce waste nitrogen in various forms (ammonia, urea or uric acid) in different animals. The waste nitrogen proves toxic if it is concentrated in the cell, therefore, must be removed from the body.
Keeping in view the definition of excretion, several products may be included in the list of excretory products.

Main Types of Excretory Products in Animals:

Following are the main types of excretory products in animals:

Water:

Water due to its removal in hyperosmotic environment is labeled as an excretory product in these specific conditions.

Salts:

Salts removed by animals of hypertonic environment are the excretory products for these animals.

Nitrogenous Wastes:

Nitrogenous waste metabolites constitute the major excretory products. Primarily, in the catabolism of amino acids, the amino group (NH2) is released (deamination) or transferred to another molecule for removal or reuse. Amino group which is not reused for recycling of amino acids is essentially dissolved in water and excreted to avoid toxic rise in the plasma. Elevated levels of these wastes can cause conv ulsions, coma and eventually death. Mostly excess nitrogen is excreted by animals as ammonia, urea or uric acid. Lower quantities of nitrogen are excreted in the form of other compounds such as creatinine, creatine or trimethylamine oxide and in very small quantities as amino acids, purine and pyrimidine. Metabolism of purine and pyrimidine bases produces significant amount of nitrogenous wastes of hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid, allantoin, urea and ammonia.
Structure of Amino Acid, Ammonia, Urea and Uric Acid
Following is the comparison between different types of excretory products:


Waste
Advantages
Disadvantages
Habitat
Excreted by
Ammonia
Produced with little energy
Toxic in concentrated solution. Excretion took place in lot of water
Water
Marine and fresh water invertebrates, bony fishes, amphibian
Urea
Less toxic than ammonia. Less water is needed to excrete it
Requires little more energy to produce it
Land, Sea
Adult amphibians, turtles, mammals and bony fishes
Uric Acid
Very little water is used for its excretion
Requires considerable energy to produce it
Land
Reptiles, birds, insects, land, gastropods
Guanine
Relatively non toxic. Less water is used to excrete
More energy is needed
Arid Habitat
Scorpions, Spiders

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29 comments:

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  6. [HOW I GOT CURED FROM GENITAL HERPES VIRUS )
    I was diagnosed with GENITAL HERPES VIRUS , my doctor told me it has no permanent cure, this virus affected me so badly that i was so ashamed of my self, this continued until a friend of mine Anna told me about Dr NANA from west Africa who cured her mother from GENITAL HERPES VIRUS, I contacted this herbal doctor and he sent me the herbal medicine through courier service, when i received it i applied it for 2 week with the instruction and i was totally cured from GENITAL HERPES VIRUS permanently within 7 to 8 days of usage. if you are passing through the same problem you can contact him via his email you should know about his natural herbal treatment, Dr NANA email is been attached to my post reach him for help. add him on Email at drnanaherbalsolutionhome@gmail.com or whatsapp line or call +2347014784614.
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  12. i couldn't believe that i would ever be re-unite with my ex-lover, i was so traumatize staying all alone with no body to stay by me and to be with me, but i was so lucky one certain day to meet this powerful spell caster Dr Akhere,after telling him about my situation he did everything humanly possible to see that my lover come back to me,indeed after casting the spell my ex-lover came back to me less than 48 hours,my ex-lover came back begging me that he will never leave me again,3 months later we got engaged and married,if you are having this same situation just contact Dr Akhere on his email: AKHERETEMPLE@gmail.com thanks very much sir for restoring my ex-lover back to me,his emai: AKHERETEMPLE@gmail.com or call/whatsapp:+2349057261346
















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  13. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  14. I’m so excited because my broken marriage has been restored & my husband is back after he left me and our 2 kids for another woman. After 8 years of marriage, me and my husband has been into one quarrel or the other until he finally left me and moved to California to be with another woman. i felt my life was over and my kids thought they would never see their father again. i tried to be strong just for the kids but i could not control the pains that torments my heart, my heart was filled with sorrows and pains because i was really in love with my husband. Every day and night i think of him and always wish he would come back to me, I was really upset and i needed help, so i searched for help online and I came across a website that suggested that DR.Osasu can help get ex back fast. So, I felt I should give him a try. I contacted him and he told me what to do and i did it then he did a (Love spell) for me. 28 hours later, my husband really called me and told me that he miss me and the kids so much, So Amazing!! So that was how he came back that same day,with lots of love and joy,and he apologized for his mistake,and for the pain he caused me and the kids. Then from that day,our Marriage was now stronger than how it were before,All thanks to DR.Osasu . he is so powerful and i decided to share my story on the internet that DR.Osasu real and powerful spell caster who i will always pray to live long to help his children in the time of trouble, if you are here and you need your Ex back or your husband moved to another woman, do not cry anymore, contact this powerful spell caster now. Here’s his contact: Email him at:Account:
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    ReplyDelete
  15. I’m so excited because my broken marriage has been restored & my husband is back after he left me and our 2 kids for another woman. After 8 years of marriage, me and my husband has been into one quarrel or the other until he finally left me and moved to California to be with another woman. i felt my life was over and my kids thought they would never see their father again. i tried to be strong just for the kids but i could not control the pains that torments my heart, my heart was filled with sorrows and pains because i was really in love with my husband. Every day and night i think of him and always wish he would come back to me, I was really upset and i needed help, so i searched for help online and I came across a website that suggested that DR.Osasu can help get ex back fast. So, I felt I should give him a try. I contacted him and he told me what to do and i did it then he did a (Love spell) for me. 28 hours later, my husband really called me and told me that he miss me and the kids so much, So Amazing!! So that was how he came back that same day,with lots of love and joy,and he apologized for his mistake,and for the pain he caused me and the kids. Then from that day,our Marriage was now stronger than how it were before,All thanks to DR.Osasu . he is so powerful and i decided to share my story on the internet that DR.Osasu real and powerful spell caster who i will always pray to live long to help his children in the time of trouble, if you are here and you need your Ex back or your husband moved to another woman, do not cry anymore, contact this powerful spell caster now. Here’s his contact: Email him at:Account:
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    ReplyDelete
  16. Greetings to every one that is reading this testimony. I have been rejected by my husband after three (3) years of marriage just because another woman had a spell on him and he left me and the kid to suffer. One day when i was reading through the web, i saw a post on how this Love spell caster have helped a woman to get back her husband and i gave him a reply to his address and he told me that a woman had a spell on my husband and he told me that he will help me and after 2 days that i will have my husband back. i believed him and today i am glad to let you all know that this spell caster have the power to bring lovers back. because i am now happy with my husband. Thanks to Dr abubakar Usman. That is why i am happy to share the testimony so anyone in need of help to contact him via Email: (garyspelltemple@gmail.com) whatsapp: +254753990568. Dr abubakar is really a great man you can contact in any solution for any kind of problems like
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